Yet another chapter in the history of New Zealand was re-written last week when the old Hauhau fanatic Kereopa Te Rau was quietly given a statutory pardon for involvement in the killing of Reverend Carl Sylvius Volkner at Opotiki in March 1865.
The pardon does not change the past because Kereopa remains executed and Volkner remains murdered but it does mean that Ngati Rangiwewehi could use it to help squeeze $6-million in financial redress from the government as their settlement deed was passed into law.
Notable by its absence in the New Zealand Herald report titled "Pardoned at last: Chief cleared of 1865 murder" is any context of the murder of Volkner. The missionary was hanged from a willow tree and then beheaded beside a wooden church near Opotiki.
The context was of armed conflicted between government forces and disaffected tribes that started in Taranaki in 1860 and spread into the Waikato district in 1863. In this environment, Pai-Marire founder Te Ua Haumene combined smatterings of church doctrine with ancient incantations to create a religion that united tribes in a bond of passionate hate against the wicked white coloniser.
His fanatical followers, who settlers called “Hauhaus” for the sound of their battle chant, attracted government attention when they attacked and defeated a patrol at Te Ahuahu, north Taranaki, on April 6, 1864, and left seven soldiers naked and decapitated. Worse, the heads were smoke-dried and used as a medium in Pai Marire rites.
Te Ua sent Kereopa Te Rau and Patara Raukatauri to the East Coast in December 1864, to spread his liberation theology. They took with them two deserters from British forces, including a French Canadian Indian, who carried the head of the leader of the patrol slaughtered at Te Ahuahu.
Kereopa was perhaps more strongly motivated than Patara Raukatauri because the year before, his wife and two daughters died near Te Awamutu after British troops burned down a whare, and the next day, in another Waikato seige, Kereopa's sister was killed. He believed that missionaries had guided troops to where his loved ones were located.
Kereopa told the Ngati Awa tribes in Whakatane in February 1865, to hand over the Catholic priest in the area. While the tribes thought about their response, Kereopa and Patara went to Opotiki, converted most of the Whakatohea tribe, and told the tribe to hand over Volkner, a German Lutheran missionary who was not there at the time.
Volkner did return to Opotiki on March 1, 1865, when Kereopa had him and fellow missionary Rev. Thomas Grace seized.
On the afternoon of the next day, Volkner was marched into his church, crowded with excited Hauhaus. Kereopa said from the altar that Volkner was to die. He took Volkner’s coat and waistcoat, which he put on, and ordered the minister to be taken outside and hanged.
Volkner was walked to a willow tree about 100 metres away, a rope was tied around his neck, he knelt and prayed, shook hands with some around him, and was swung up into the tree. His body was hauled up and down several times and left for about one hour, when it was taken down, carried closer to the church, and his head was chopped off.
Details of what subsequently happened have been omitted from later histories. Kereopa filled a communion chalice with Volkner’s blood, carried it and the head into the church, set both down on a reading table, and cried: “Hear, O Israel! This is the word of the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob! We are the Jews who were lost and have been persecuted.”
At this point he gouged both eyes out of the head, and swallowed them. The second eye stuck in his throat so he called for a glass of water. He drank some blood from the chalice and passed it around for members of the Pai Marire congregation to sip from it. Kereopa was nicknamed “Kai-karu” or “Eye-eater”. The head was taken to the house of the Catholic priest and smoke-dried over a fire.
It took soldiers five years to catch up with the elusive Kereopa, who had a £1000 bounty on his head. Eventually he was taken captive in the Ureweras, where Tuhoe people protected him along with another fanatic, the guerrilla leader Te Kooti. Tuhoe are still trying to figure out why government troops drove them out of the Ureweras.
After a brief trial on December 21, 1871, Kereopa was hanged at the old Napier jail on January 5, 1872.
Five others had been executed on May 17, 1866, for their role in the killing, including Mokomoko, a chief of the Whakatohea tribe, who was pardoned in 1992, and who had his character and reputation restored by legislation last December. Three Ngati Awa involved in murdering Volkner were pardoned in 1988.
With Ngati Rangiwewehi seeking a pardon as part of their settlement, in 2011 the Office of Treaty Settlements commissioned Professor David Williams of the University of Auckland Law School to write a report on the treatment of Kereopa that the tribe could use as support.
The report said that many of those who testified against Kereopa were themselves (allegedly) implicated in Volkner's death, but had been granted immunity from prosecution in return for helping to secure a conviction.
Kereopa had wanted to call a number of witnesses for his defence, but the Crown refused to assist in bringing any of them to Napier for the trial. Consequently, no witnesses for the defence appeared.
Other historians who want the Crown to pay for failing to apply 2014 standards to the 1872 execution of Kereopa while giving Maori perpetrators a free pass include Vincent O’Malley and Peter Wells.
Descendants of Kereopa say the statutory pardon was immensely important, citing a history of suicide among male descendants of the Arawa chief.
Now that five of the six people hanged for their role in the murder have been pardoned "the circumstances surrounding Volkner's death remain surrounded by a great of mystery", according to historian O'Malley. So it appears that Volkner’s killing was just one out-of-the-blue act done by Mr Nobody.
And that is exactly how history is revised. Dissident killers are quietly transformed into noble savages, and the new orthodoxy that presents Kereopa as an innocent victim of the wicked white colonizer will be taught in schools and universities.
And anyone who questions it is, well, racist and being mean.
Sources
Pardoned at last: Chief cleared of 1865 murder. NZ Herald, June 21, 2014. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/maori/news/article.cfm?c_id=252&objectid=11278442
The role of the Crown in the trial and execution of Kereopa Te Rau (1871-2), Professor David Williams, http://www.parliament.nz/resource/0001880403
The New Zealand Wars, James Cowan, Vol 2
A Statutory Pardon for Kereopa Te Rau, Vincent O'Malley. http://themeetingplacenz.blogspot.co.nz/2014/04/a-statutory-pardon-for-kereopa-te-rau.html
10 comments:
Hi Mike,
How sure are you about the death of Kereopa's wife and daughters? I seem to recall reading accounts that suggest that this was not in fact true.
Mike then can be no issue with the barbarism of Kereopa Te Rau after Volkner was hung. But there seems to be valid information the he was a spy for the government.
Thus
Te Whakatohea saw Völkner as one whom they had adopted into their tribe, but who had betrayed them to the Pakeha governor, and for this reason he was executed.
If this is true then it is no different to what many warring countries have done to spies.
Can you provide any background to this.?
Wayne Nicholls
Again Mike....Thank you for disclosing the 'Truth' of these past events which are 'twisted' to suit the present Racism propaganda by the maori tribal mafia. The deeply divided Nation of New Zealand is well established....
Wayne, the dissident tribes trying to drive out the wicked white coloniser by armed conflict were not a sovereign nation. Therefore, the murder of an unarmed church man cannot be characterised as execution of a spy. Moreover, Volkner's murder and desecration so outraged East Coast Ngati Porou, who belonged to the Anglican Church and who knew Volkner as a friend, that Ngati Porou fighters became the main force that defeated the Hauhau insurgents who carried Volkner's dried head around.
Make no mistake, there are many from various tribes out there who would be only too willing to repeat those stone age acts, on anybody, black or white. No amount of money will change it.
If Maori are allowed to claim against taxpayers for his unlawful killing of their forefather, will Volkner's descendants be allowed to sue his murderer's descendants for compensation for his unlawful killing? Money is available for such a claim from the largess of previous Te Treaty [full and final] settlements, surely!
A member of Ranginui Walker's tribe, Pananehu Pat Baker, wrote not only the v important 'Behind the Tatooed Face' but also later 'The Strongest God', a historical novel centred on the murder of Rev Volkner.
Jim Anderton's research asst in Parlt Bldgs (God help us) Tony Simpson tried to make out that the classic version had not been relayed by any respectable historian for decades.
Ranginui played some part in the pre-dawn ceremony at Mt Eden gaol c.26 y ago purporting to reverse the extra-consecrated burial of Kereopa after his hanging in that gaol. But his tribesman Baker affirmed the traditional account denied by Simpson.
It seems a shame to list without unfavourable comment the ref.Professor David Williams, http://www.parliament.nz/resource/0001880403 .
This man is a hard-core racist, but maintains a sophisticated veneer of 'objective research'.
More than a superficial soporific'd reading is needed to assess this prolix document. It may well be a 'model' of the mercenary biased pompous documents characterising the neoRacism implemented by the Waitangi Tribunal which a former member Hon Michael Bassett has strongly criticised.
One obvious glimpse of this Williams' bias is his ludicrous incessant intoning the whole name 'Kereopa te Rau', never using the normal name Kereopa (because Williams wishes to express extreme respect for the neoRacism he has so consistently supported in the form of the Nairns, the Harawiras, etc.
-- Robt Mann
The pardon of Kereopa is certainly interesting. Maybe a more accurate charge of 'inciting murder', rather than 'murder' may have prevented this modern day pardon. After all it was others who actually carried out the deed. Heremita admitted guilt, Mokomoko never did but was hanged along with Heremita. The settler government has to shoulder a large share of blame for the way things turned. They were more interested in retribution than justice.
The reference "Volkner, a German Lutheran missionary" is not correct. While he came to NZ with the North German Missionary Society he changed to the Church Missionary Society and was ordained a priest in 1861. His wife was Emma Lanfear, sister of a CMS missionary. Thomas Grace was also a CMS missionary.
And now we have the heir apparent to the Maori "King" who is a proven thief, who drives while drunk etc, etc, and he is let off without conviction! Why? Because a conviction may get in the way of his promotion in the ranks of Maoridom. What is wrong with our so-called justice when this sort of thing happens. Are Maori, like diplomats, all of a sudden immune from prosecution? Who was the judge who let him off? Is he still on the bench? He ought to be sacked, tarred and feathered.
Auntie Podes.
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