This article outlines three key reasons for Rotorua’s reversion to pluralistic majoritarianism and situates them within the wider national and international context.
Co-governance, as explained by lobby group Democracy Action,
is an emerging model in New Zealand designed to give equal decision-making
power to representatives of local government and iwi. This system, which
allocates 50/50 voting rights, aims to foster partnership and mutual respect.
However, such co-governance challenges traditional democratic frameworks, which
typically adhere to the “one person, one vote, one value” principle of equal
suffrage. The introduction of equal partnership voting weights, regardless of
population ratios, would fundamentally shift the distribution of
decision-making power.
One of the main reasons 50/50 co-governance didn’t gain traction in Rotorua was a widespread
preference among stakeholders for a system rooted in equal suffrage. This
included many Māori community members who saw equal voting rights as essential
to maintaining a democratic system. Although the Treaty
of Waitangi and the Fenton Agreement affirm Māori rights and
entitlements, neither explicitly calls for co-governance. In my view, many in
Rotorua therefore viewed a more representative approach that maintains equal
suffrage across the general and Māori populations as a fairer model, believing
it better upholds democratic principles.
Legal constraints within New Zealand’s human rights
framework presented a second, significant obstacle to co-governance in Rotorua.
When a Local Bill was proposed to formalise a 50/50 co-governance
structure, the Attorney-General blocked it, arguing it would
contravene the Human Rights Act by discriminating against general roll voters.
This legal judgment underscored the complexities of transitioning from a model
of equal suffrage to one based on partnership. By preventing the bill from passing,
the legal framework reaffirmed New Zealand’s commitment to democratic fairness
and voter equality, safeguarding the rights of all citizens in the district.
According to the 2018 New Zealand Census, 42% of the
population in the Rotorua District identified as Māori, though this figure
includes those below voting age, impacting electoral representation. About 28%
of eligible Māori in the Rotorua electorate were on the Māori Roll for the
October 2022 local elections, and around 22% for the 2023 general election.
In 2015, the Rotorua Lakes Council established Te Tatau o Te Arawa, a Māori policy advisory committee that
was carefully structured to formally represent the iwi in council discussions.
Members of Te Tatau were appointed to significant subcommittees with voting
rights, thus increasing Māori involvement in council decisions without changing
the democratic structure of the council itself. Although the role of Te Tatau
was generally supported, some community members expressed concerns about 50/50
co-governance, particularly as other issues — including around decision-making,
financial policy, rising debt and rates take, and homelessness — began to
reshape public opinion about council actions between 2016 and 2020.
The 2021 Representation Review intensified debates about
governance when the council, working with Ngāti Whakaue (the largest hapū of Te
Arawa), proposed a 50/50 co-governance model. The proposal met significant
opposition, many arguing it was incompatible with democratic values and New
Zealand’s legal framework. Te Tatau, along with groups such as the Rotorua
District Residents and Ratepayers, advocated for a model that would uphold
equal suffrage while still allowing for meaningful Māori representation. The
majority of stakeholders felt the proposed model failed to reflect their vision
of democratic governance.
In preparation for the 2023 local elections, the Local
Government Commission introduced a new ward structure to allow proportional
representation. Rotorua was divided into general, Māori, and rural wards,
yielding a council of 10 members, including three Māori, six general, and one
rural representative. This ward structure preserved equal suffrage while
ensuring that diverse voices from across the community were represented in
council decisions. It enabled greater inclusivity without the need for 50/50 co-governance,
offering a more pluralistic form of representation that satisfied most local
interests.
The Rotorua co-governance debate highlights an underlying
tension between minoritarian and majoritarian governance. Minoritarianism
describes a system in which minority groups wield disproportionate influence,
sometimes at the expense of the majority. Majoritarianism, by contrast,
prioritises the interests of the majority and upholds majority rule as a core
democratic principle. While majoritarianism can sometimes overlook minority
perspectives, it is often seen as fundamental to democratic governance.
In Rotorua, proponents of 50/50 co-governance appeared to
favour a minoritarian approach, while many local stakeholders and council
members felt that majoritarian principles better aligned with democratic
governance norms, as outlined in New Zealand’s Local Government Act. These
differing perspectives revealed a divide between Te Ao Māori (the Māori
worldview) and Te Ao Pākehā (the European New Zealand worldview), making
consensus on the issue challenging.
The Rotorua co-governance discussion echoes broader debates
within New Zealand and internationally. In New Zealand, questions about
co-governance often touch on the Treaty of Waitangi’s implications for
governance and the nature of biculturalism. Recently, the National-Act-NZ First
coalition’s decision to review legislative references to the Treaty’s
principles suggests a shift toward a more majoritarian model, in which equal
rights for all citizens may increasingly supersede partnership-based models founded
on the Treaty. This shift represents an ongoing struggle to balance Māori
self-determination with New Zealand Parliament’s sovereignty.
Similar debates are occurring abroad. In the United States,
tensions between majority rule and minority rights manifest in issues such as
voting rights and judicial decisions, where there are concerns that minority
influence might undermine core democratic principles. In Canada, policies that
give indigenous communities unique rights within a liberal democracy aim to
safeguard cultural autonomy, though critics argue that such policies risk
further dividing communities.
A pluralistic majoritarian model might offer a balanced path
forward. This model respects majority rule while incorporating mechanisms that
ensure minority perspectives are factored into decision-making. Unlike
multicultural majoritarianism, which can allow a dominant culture to
marginalise minority voices, pluralistic majoritarianism integrates minority
viewpoints within a majoritarian structure, fostering a balance of inclusivity
and democratic authority. Such a model could potentially help address concerns
in diverse communities like Rotorua, preserving both democratic values and
social harmony.
Reynold Macpherson was a Rotorua Lakes councillor from 2019 to 2022 and chairman of Rotorua District Residents & Ratepayers from 2013 to 2024.
5 comments:
The Tupuna Maunga Authority in Auckland has conveniently demonstrated all that is flawed with co governance. The 50% maori block with their organised national unity facilitated by the network of insurgency coordination centres (marae) act in unison. It only takes one of the other 50% to side with maori for whatever reason ( susceptibility to current pc brainwash, family, friend, tribal connections, intimidation, business connections, flattery, koha, fear of cancellation etc) for maori to be effectively in total control. If they were motivated for the public good maybe OK. But instead, as stated by a speaker at the TMA 2019 hui, sticking it to the wicked colonists is much of the motivation. The mana to be so gained ensures the population will be lumbered with ever more long convoluted maori names for everything as an inevitable outcome of co governance.
Any representation based on ethnicity is wrong in principle and practice. The ToW contains nothing which allows it. The imaginative interpretation by the judiciary is just that. Let’s celebrate the Treaty for establishing the rule of law in NZ and move on.
As long as the myth of a 'partnership' prevails there will never be peace and harmony, because dividing the rights of suffrage along racial/ ancestral lines invariably is anthema to the equality value of one person - one vote, no matter the 'word salad handle' applied to describe it. The degree of 'nuance' is directly related to the level of corruption permitted. Maori Wards need to go.
Apartheid is apartheid, is apartheid. Period.
Oh what a tangled web we weave. Perhaps we should all contemplate Occam’s Razor for a bit. The simplest solution is often the best.
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